All Issue

2020 Vol.38, Issue 6 Preview Page

Article

Analysis of Efficiency and super-Efficiency of Airports in South Korea with DEA

국내 주요 공항 운영효율성과 초효율성 분석

Minjun JEON1
,
Keunsoo HAN2†
전 민준1
,
한 근수2†
1Ph.D. Course, School of Business Administration, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
2Research Fellow, Daegu Gyeongbuk Development Institute, Daegu 42429, Korea
1경북대학교 경영학과 박사과정
2대구경북연구원 연구위원
*hksoo74@dgi.re.kr
31 December 2020. pp. 431-451
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Recent drastic changes in conditions at domestic airports have led the central and many local governments to discuss the expansion of airport infrastructure, including the establishment, relocation and expansion of airports. In order to establish future airport policy directions, an appropriate assessment is needed to ensure that investments and policies for the domestic airports currently in operation have been effectively applied. Therefore, in order to evaluate airports in terms of operational efficiency, this study uses data capture analysis (DEA) to measure operational efficiency and conduct scale return analysis on 12 major airports in Korea. First, for analysis, domestic airports are based on hierarchy and scale (large, enlarged). They were grouped into four groups of general airports (medium and small). In selecting variables for analysis, two variables were selected: fixed operating costs, variable operating costs, and three variables of number of employees; WLU (Work Load Unit), which can take into account both passenger numbers and cargo as factors of calculation; and airport income, a representative financial indicator. Next, the operational efficiency of domestic airports was analysed by applying the CCR/BCC model, a representative analysis method of DEA, and the super-efficient CCR model, which allows efficient DMU comparison. As a result, the efficiency of the CCR model was high at large base airports, while some airports were efficient at medium and medium-sized general airports, and all airports were low at small general airports. Second, the efficiency analysis of the BCC model shows that larger airports, like the CCR model, are more efficient, but there are airports with different CCR models and results at medium and small general airports, which means that the airport is not scale efficient. Third, an efficient inter-airport super-efficiency analysis showed that Jeju Airport has the highest operational efficiency among domestic airports in all years. Based on the results of this study, by identifying the internal operational efficiency of the airport and adjusting the scale of the airport’s investment, this study will not only help establish an efficient operation plan for the current airport, but will also assist in the creation, expansion and relocation of future airports.

Keywords
CCR/BCC model
data collection analysis
DEA analysis
domestic airport efficiency analysis
super-efficiency analysis

최근 국내 공항의 급격한 여건 변화로 중앙정부와 많은 지방자치단체에서 공항의 신설, 이전, 확장 등 공항 인프라 확장에 대한 다양한 논의가 이루어지고 있다. 향후 올바른 공항 정책 방향을 수립하기 위해서 현재 운영 중인 국내공항에 대한 투자와 정책이 효과적으로 적용되었는지 적절한 평가가 필요하다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 운영효율성 관점에서 공항을 평가하기 위해 자료포락분석(DEA)을 활용하여 국내 주요 12개 공항을 대상으로 운영 효율성 측정과 규모수익 분석을 수행한다. 먼저, 분석을 위해 국내 공항을 위계별 ‧ 규모별로 거점공항(대형, 증형). 일반공항(중형, 소형)의 4개의 그룹으로 분류하였다. 분석을 위한 변수 선정에서는 투입요소로 고정운영비, 변동운영비, 종업원 수의 3개 변수를, 산출요소로 여객수와 화물 모두 고려할 수 있는 단위처리량(Work Load Unit, WLU)과 대표적인 재무 지표인 공항수익의 2개 변수를 선택하였다. 다음으로 DEA의 대표적인 분석 방법인 CCR/BCC 모형과 효율적인 DMU 비교가 가능한 초효율성 CCR 모형을 적용하여 국내 공항의 운영효율성을 분석하였다. 그 결과로는 첫째, 대형 거점공항에서 CCR 모형의 효율성이 높게 나타났으며, 중형 거점공항과 중형 일반공항은 일부 공항이 효율적으로, 소형 일반공항에서는 모든 공항의 효율성이 낮게 나타났다. 둘째, BCC 모형의 효율성 분석에서는 CCR모형과 마찬가지로 공항의 규모가 클수록 효율성이 높게 나타났으나, 중 ‧ 소형 일반공항에서 CCR 모형과 결과가 상이하게 나온 공항이 있었으며, 이는 해당 공항이 규모 효율적이지 않다는 것을 의미한다. 셋째, 효율적 공항 간 초효율성 분석에서는 모든 년도에서 국내 공항 중 제주공항의 운영효율성이 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 공항의 내부 운영 효율성을 파악하고 공항의 투자 규모를 조정함으로써 현재 공항의 효율적인 운영 방안 수립뿐만 아니라, 미래의 공항의 신설, 확장, 이전 등에도 본 연구가 도움을 줄 수 있을 것이다.

키워드
CCR/BCC 모형
자료포락분석
DEA 분석
국내 공항 효율성 분석
초효율성 분석
References
1
Adler N., Berechman J. (2001), Measuring Airport Quality from the Airlines' Viewpoint: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis, Transport policy, 8(3), 171-181. 10.1016/S0967-070X(01)00011-7
2
Banker R. D., Charnes A., Cooper W. W. (1984), Models for the Estimation of Technical and Scale Efficiencies in Data Envelopment Analysis, Management Science, 30, 1078-1092. 10.1287/mnsc.30.9.1078
3
Bazargan M., Vasigh B. (2003), Size VersusEefficiency: A Case Study of US Commercial Airports, Journal of Air Transport Management, 9(3), 187-193. 10.1016/S0969-6997(02)00084-4
4
Boussofiane A., Dyson R. G., Thanassoulis E. (1991), Applied Data Envelopment Analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 52(1), 1-15. 10.1016/0377-2217(91)90331-O
5
Charnes A., Cooper W. W., Rhodes E. (1978), Measuring the Efficiency of Decision Making Units, European Journal of Operational Research, 2(6), 429-444. 10.1016/0377-2217(78)90138-8
6
Choi S. G., Kim J. H., Kwon O. K. (2014), A Study to Measure the Efficiency and Influence of the World's Major Airports: Using DEA and Social Network Analysis, Korean Journal of Logistics, 22(1), 29-42. 10.15735/kls.2014.22.1.003
7
Dongseo Univ. (2019), Analysis of Demand Forecasting & Air Cargo Transportation.
8
Dyson R. G., Allen R., Camanho A. S., Podinovski V. V., Sarrico C. S., Shale E. A. (2001), Pitfalls and Protocols in DEA, European Journal of Operational Research, 132(2), 245-259. 10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00149-1
9
Ennen David, Irem Batool (2018), Airport Efficiency in Pakistan-A Data Envelopment Analysis with Weight Restrictions, Journal of Air Transport Management, 69, 205-212. 10.1016/j.jairtraman.2018.02.007
10
Farrell M. J. (1957), The Measurement of Productive Efficiency, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A(General), 120(3), 253-290. 10.2307/2343100
11
Gillen D., Lall A. (1997), Developing Measures of Airport Productivity and Performance: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 33(4), 261-273. 10.1016/S1366-5545(97)00028-8
12
Han K. S., Jeon M. J. (2020), Analysis of Efficiency and Return to Scale of Daegu Airport with DEA, Journal of Daegu Gyeongbuk Studies, 19(1), 133-159.
13
Hong S. J., Jeon M. (2019), The Technical Efficiency of French Regional Airports and Low-cost Carrier Terminals, Sustainability, 11(18), 5107. 10.3390/su11185107
14
Hong S. J., Moon H. J. (2005), An Performance Analysis of the Airports in Korea (DEA Approach using WLU), J. Korean Soc. Transp., 23(8), Korean Society of Transportation, 89-98.
15
Huguenin J. M. (2012), Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), A pedagogical guide for decision makers in the public sector, Swiss Graduate School of Public Administration, Lausanne.
16
International Air Transport Association, https://www.iata.org/, 2020.11.01.
17
Kang S. J. (2016), A Study on Airport Efficiency of Ownership Form(Master's dissertation), Seoul National University, Seoul.
18
Kim H. G., Lee J. W., Choi C. Y. (2007), An Empirical Study of Efficiency Evaluation of Korean Airports Management with DEA, Korea Research Academy of Distribution and Management Review, 10(2), 19-40. 10.17961/jdmr.10.2.200706.19
19
Kim H. S., Park J. R. (2013), An Analysis of the Operational Efficiency of the Major Airports Worldwide using DEA and Malmquist Productivity Indices, Journal of Distribution Science, 11(8), 5. 10.13106/jds.2013.vol11.no8.5
20
Kim H. T. (2012), An Comparative Competitiveness Analysis and Revitalization Strategics of Regional International Airports(Master's dissertation), Silla University, Busan.
21
Kim J. H. (2015), Efficiency Evaluation of Korea's Domestic Airports Implying the Service Indices: Applying Network DEA(Master's dissertation), Inha University, Incheon.
22
Kim J. H., Jeong G. D. (2002), Assessing Performance of Korean Airports based on DEA Efficiency Measure of Production, Korean Journal of Logistics, 10(2), 17-35.
23
Kim Y. J., Cho K. P., Chung J. C. (2013), The Efficiency Analysis for Air Logistics of Asian International Airport Using DEA Model - Focused on the Relations between Facilities and Cargo Volume -, Korea trade review, 38(5), 257-289.
24
Korea Airports Corporation (2017), Airport Facilities Status in South Korea (전국공항 시설현황).
25
Lee J. G., Hong S. J., Leem C. W. (2009), A Study on Efficiency of Major Airports in Asian -Using DEA and Super Efficiency-, Journal of the Aviation Management Society of Korea, 7(3), 3-12.
26
Lee S. K., Kim K. W., Choi Y. C. (2019), An Empirical Analysis of Design Peak Demand for Determination of the Economical Size in Large Airports, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 37(6), Korean Society of Transportation, 471-485. 10.7470/jkst.2019.37.6.471
27
Martı́n-Cejas R. R. (2002), An approximation to the Productive Efficiency of the SpanishAairports Network through a Deterministic Cost Frontier, Journal of Air Transport Management 8(4), 233-238. 10.1016/S0969-6997(01)00056-4
28
Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2016), The 5th Mid- to Long-Term Comprehensive Airport Development Plan (제5차 공항개발 중장기 중합계획).
29
Mostafa M. M. (2009), Benchmarking the US Specialty Retailers and Food Consumer Stores using Data Envelopment Analysis, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management. 10.1108/09590550910966178
30
Nataraja N. R., Johnson A. L. (2011), Guidelines for using Variable Selection Techniques in Data Envelopment Analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 215(3), 662-669. 10.1016/j.ejor.2011.06.045
31
Oum T., Yu C., Fu X. (2003), A Comparative Analysis of Productivity Performance of the World's Major Airports: Summary Report of the ATRS Global Report Benchmarking Research Report 2002, Journal of Air Transport Management, 9(5), 13. 10.1016/S0969-6997(03)00037-1
32
Park S. Y., Park Y. H., Zhang Y. H. (2019), Analyzing the Effects of Low Cost Carrier to Incheon International Airport's Operations, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 37(3), Korean Society of Transportation, 266-276. 10.7470/jkst.2019.37.3.266
33
Pels E., Nijkamp P., Rietveld P. (2003), Inefficiencies and Scale Economies of European Airport Operations, Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 39(5), 341-361. 10.1016/S1366-5545(03)00016-4
34
Sarkis J. (2000), An Analysis of the Operational Efficiency of Major Airports in the United States, Journal of Operations Management, 18(3), 335-351. 10.1016/S0272-6963(99)00032-7
35
Shephard R. (1970), Theory of Cost and Production Functions, Princeton, NJ, Princeton University Press.
36
Yoo S. C., Meng J., Lim S. M. (2017), An Analysis of the Performance of Global Major Airports using Two-stage Network DEA model, Journal of the Korean society for Quality Management, 45(1), 65-92. 10.7469/JKSQM.2017.45.1.065
37
Yu J. W. (2018), Outbound Air Travelers' Airport Choice Model Using Aggregate Observation Data, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 36(5), Korean Society of Transportation, 392-401. 10.7470/jkst.2018.36.5.392
38
Zhu J. (2001), Super-efficiency and DEA Sensitivity Analysis, European Journal of Operational Research, 129(2), 443-455. 10.1016/S0377-2217(99)00433-6
Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Transportation
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한교통학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
  • Journal Title(Ko) :대한교통학회지
  • Volume : 38
  • No :6
  • Pages :431-451
  • Received Date : 2020-08-24
  • Revised Date : 2020-09-24
  • Accepted Date : 2020-10-08
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7470/jkst.2020.38.6.431
Journal Informaiton Journal of Korean Society of Transportation Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
Archives
: 2015 Vol.34~
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close