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Article

Estimation of Well-to-Wheel Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Road Freight Transport in Korea Considering Freight Transport Characteristics

한국 화물 운송 특성을 고려한 연료 전과정 (Well-to-Wheel) 온실가스 배출계수 산정 연구

Gwanyong OH1
,
Sung Min KIM2
,
Deokho KANG3
,
Soongbong LEE4
,
Jonghak LEE5
,
Daejin KIM6*
오 관용1
,
김 성민2
,
강 덕호3
,
이 숭봉4
,
이 종학5
,
김 대진6*
1Integrated PhD Program, Graduate School of Logistics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
2Ph.D. Student, Graduate School of Logistics, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Korea
3CEO, GLEC Inc., Incheon 22004, Korea
4Associate Research Fellow, Dept. of Transport Big Data, Korea Transport Institute, Sejong 30147, Korea
5Public Environmental Researcher, Mobility Environmental Research Center, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon 22689, Korea
6Associate Professor, Graduate School of Logistics, Inha University / Inha University IPCC, Incheon 22212, Korea
1인하대학교 물류전문대학원 석박사통합과정
2인하대학교 물류전문대학원 박사과정
3(주)글랙 대표
4한국교통연구원 교통빅데이터연구본부 부연구위원
5국립환경과학원 모빌리티환경연구센터 환경연구사
6인하대학교 물류전문대학원 부교수/인하대학교 IPCC 물류AI센터 센터장
*Corresponding Author
30 June 2026. pp. 432-456
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Abstract

This study develops a Korea-specific Well-to-Wheel (WTW) greenhouse gas emission factor framework for the road freight transport sector by integrating emissions from fuel production and supply with vehicle operation. Previous inventories and studies have mainly focused on Tank-to-Wheel (TTW) emissions, insufficiently accounting for upstream emissions related to crude oil sourcing, refining, and fuel distribution, as well as logistical characteristics such as load factors and empty running. To address these limitations, this study follows international standards, including the GLEC Framework and ISO 14083, while incorporating Korea-specific conditions. Well-to-Tank (WTT) emission factors were estimated by reflecting country-specific crude oil import shares, domestic refinery efficiency, and the mandatory biodiesel blending ratio (B4). TTW emission factors were derived using real-driving emission data. Transport activity–based WTW emission intensity (gCO2e/t·km) was then calculated by incorporating vehicle-class fuel use, driving distance, load factors, and empty running ratios. The results show that WTW emission intensity is strongly influenced by logistical efficiency as well as fuel efficiency. The proposed framework provides a practical basis for policy evaluation and corporate ESG and Scope 3 emission management.

Keywords
emission factors
greenhouse gas emissions
life cycle analysis
road freight transport
transport activity
WTT–TTW–WTW

본 연구는 국내 도로 화물운송 부문을 대상으로 연료의 생산·공급 단계와 차량 운행 단계를 통합한 전주기(Well-to-Wheel, WTW) 기반 온실가스 배출계수 체계를 구축하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 기존 국가 온실가스 인벤토리와 선행연구는 주로 차량 운행단계(Tank-to-Wheel, TTW)에 초점을 두어, 원유 도입 구조, 정유 공정, 연료 유통 과정에서 발생하는 간접 배출을 충분히 반영하지 못하였다. 또한 적재율과 공차율 등 화물운송의 물류적 특성이 배출량 산정에 체계적으로 고려되지 않았다. 이에 본 연구는 국제 기준(GLEC Framework, ISO 14083)을 준용하되, 한국의 원유 수입 구조, 정유 효율, 바이오디젤 혼합 의무비율(B4)을 반영한 한국형 WTT 배출계수를 산정하고, 실주행 배출가스 자료를 활용한 TTW 배출계수 산정 방법을 제시하였다. 나아가 차종별 연료 사용량, 주행거리, 적재율 및 공차율을 반영하여 운송활동량(t·km) 기준 WTW 배출강도를 도출하였다. 분석 결과, 차종별 WTW 배출강도는 연비뿐만 아니라 물류 효율에 의해 크게 좌우되는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 정책 평가와 기업의 ESG·Scope 3 배출 관리에 활용 가능한 한국형 전주기 배출계수 체계를 제시한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

키워드
배출계수
온실가스 배출
전주기 분석
도로 화물운송
운송활동량
WTT-TTW-WTW
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Transportation
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한교통학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
  • Journal Title(Ko) :대한교통학회지
  • Volume : 44
  • No :3
  • Pages :432-456
  • Received Date : 2026-01-20
  • Revised Date : 2026-02-14
  • Accepted Date : 2026-02-19
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7470/jkst.2026.44.3.432
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