All Issue

2024 Vol.42, Issue 4 Preview Page

Article

Analyzing the Factors Influencing Car Dependency Using the Theory of Planned Behavior

계획행동이론을 이용한 승용차 의존성 요인 분석

Hyeongyun KI1
,
Justin S. CHANG2*
기 현균1
,
장 수은2*
1Ph.D Candidate, Department of Environmental Planning, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
2Professor, Department of Environmental Planning, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
1서울대학교 환경대학원 환경계획학과 박사과정
2서울대학교 환경대학원 환경계획학과 교수
*Corresponding Author
31 August 2024. pp. 472-493
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Despite steady investment in public transportation, the number of passenger car users has not significantly decreased. Moreover, the number of individuals dependent on cars for travel has increased due to the COVID-19 pandemic and a heightened demand for privacy. This study aims to understand the factors influencing the travel intentions of car dependents. The basic model of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) was employed, and a questionnaire survey was conducted among car dependents. A structural equation model was then constructed to analyze the factors affecting their travel intentions. The analysis revealed that the behavioral belief system positively influenced attitudes, the normative belief system influenced subjective norms, and the control belief system influenced perceived behavioral control. Additionally, attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control positively affected behavioral intentions. Among these three latent variables, attitudes had a greater influence on behavioral intentions than subjective norms or perceived behavioral control. In other words, perceptions of the surrounding environment and confidence in one's own control have a relatively minor impact, whereas a favorable attitude towards passenger cars significantly increases dependence due to the various conveniences provided by car use. Therefore, to change citizens' car-dependent behavior, efforts are needed to counteract the favorable attitude based on convenience.

Keywords
behavioral intentions
car dependency
structural equation modeling
theory of planned behavior
travel behavior

대중교통에 대한 꾸준한 투자에도 불구하고 승용차 이용자 수는 크게 줄어들지 않고 있다. 여기에 코로나 19의 경험, 예전보다 강해진 사생활 보호에 대한 요구 등으로 차량에 의존해서 통행하는 승용차 의존자(Car dependency)가 늘어나고 있다. 이 연구에서는 승용차 의존자의 통행 의도에 미치는 요인과 요인별 영향의 정도를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위해 계획행동이론(Theory of Planned Behavior, TPB)의 기본모형을 활용했으며, 승용차 의존자를 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하였다. 조사결과를 바탕으로 구조방정식을 구축해 승용차 의존자들의 통행 의도에 미치는 요인을 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 행동신념체계는 태도에, 규범신념체계는 주관적 규범에, 통제신념체계는 지각된 행동통제에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제가 행동의도에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 확인되었다. 3개의 잠재 변수(태도, 주관적 규범, 지각된 행동통제) 중 태도가 주관적 규범이나 지각된 행동통제에 비해 행동 의도에 더 큰 영향을 미치는 것으로 식별되었다. 즉 주위의 인식, 스스로의 통제에 대한 확신은 상대적으로 큰 영향을 끼치지 못하고, 승용차 이용으로 발생하는 다양한 편리성에 따른 승용차에 대한 호의적인 태도가 의존성을 높임을 의미한다. 따라서 시민들의 승용차 의존 통행행태에 변화를 주기 위해서는 편리성에 기반한 호의적인 태도를 상쇄시키기 위한 정책적 노력이 필요하다.

키워드
행동 의도
승용차 의존
구조방정식
계획행동이론
통행행태
References
1

Ajzen I. (1985), From Intentions to Action: A Theory of Planned Behavior, In J. Kuhl & J. Beckman (Eds.), Action Control: From Cognitions to Behaviors, 11-39, New York, Springer.

10.1007/978-3-642-69746-3_2
2

Ajzen I. (1991), The theory of Planned Behavior, Organ. Behav. Hum. Decis. Process. 50, 179-211.

10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
3

Ajzen I., Fishbein M. (1980), Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, Prentice-Hall.

4

Anurag Thombre, Amit Agarwal (2021), A Paradigm Shift in Urban Mobility: Policy Insights from Travel before and after COVID-19 to Seize the Opportunity, Transport Policy, 110, 335-353.

10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.06.01036567700PMC9761558
5

Baig F., Kirytopoulos K., Lee J., Tsamilis E., Mao R., Ntzeremes P. (2022), Changes in People's Mobility Behavior in Greece after the COVID-19 Outbreak, Sustain, 14, 3567.

10.3390/su14063567
6

Bamberg S., Hunecke M., Blobaum A. (2007), Social Context, Personal Norms and the Use of Public Transportation: Two Field Studies, J. Environ. Psychol, 27(3), 190-203.

10.1016/j.jenvp.2007.04.001
7

Boudewyns V. (2013), A Meta-Analytical Test of Perceived Behavioral Control Interactions in the Theory of Planned Behavior (Unpublished doctoral dissertation), University of Maryland, College Park, MD.

8

Choocharukuland K., Fujii S. (2007), Psychological Factors Influencing Behavioral Intention of Private Car Use in Future Work Trip, Journal of the Eastern SocietyforTransportationStudies7, 211-222.

9

Christidis P., Christodoulou A., Navajas-Cawood E., Ciuffo B. (2021), The Post-Pandemic Recovery of Transport Activity: Emerging Mobility Patterns and Repercussions on Future Evolution, Sustainability 2021, 13(11), 6359.

10.3390/su13116359
10

Chudyk A. M., McKay H. A., Winters M., Sims-Gould J., Ashe M. C. (2017), Neighborhood walkability, Physical Activity, and Walking for Transportation: A Cross-sectional Study of Older Adults Living on Low Income, BMC Geriatrics, 17(1), 1-14.

10.1186/s12877-017-0469-528395672PMC5385598
11

Cullinane S., Cullinane K. (2003), Car Dependence in a Public Transport Dominated City: Evidence from Hong Kong, Transportation Research Part D, 8, 129-138.

10.1016/S1361-9209(02)00037-8
12

Dargay J. M. (2001), The Effect of Income on Car Ownership: Evidence of Asymmetry, Transportation Research Part A, 35, 807-821.

10.1016/S0965-8564(00)00018-5
13

De Haas M., Faber R., Hamersma M. (2020), How COVID-19 and the Dutch' Intelligent Lockdown' Change Activities, Work and Travel Behaviour: Evidence from Longitudinal Data in the Netherlands, Transp. Res. Interdiscip. Perspect. 6, 100150.

10.1016/j.trip.2020.10015034171019PMC7284275
14

Donald I.J., Cooper S.R., Conchie S.M. (2014), An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior Model of the Psychological Factors Affecting Commuters' Transport Mode Use, J. Environ. Psychol. 40, 39-48.

10.1016/j.jenvp.2014.03.003
15

Eisenmann C., Nobis C., Kolarova V., Lenz B., Winkler C. (2021), Transport Mode Use During the COVID-19 Lockdown Period in Germany: The Car Became More Important, Public Transport Lost Ground. Transp. Policy, 103, 60-67.

10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.01.01236570706PMC9761784
16

Ellaway A., Macintyre S., Hiscock R., Kearns A. (2003), In the Driving Seat: Psychosocial Benefits from Private Motor Vehicle Transport Compared to Public Transport, Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 6(3), 217-231.

10.1016/S1369-8478(03)00027-5
17

Eriksson L., Garvill J., Nordlund A.M. (2008), Interrupting Habitual Car Use: The Importance of Car Habit Strength and Moral Motivation for Personal Car Use.

10.1016/j.trf.2007.05.004
18

Farrington J., Gray D., Martin S., Roberts D. (1998), Car Dependence in Rural Scotland, Edinburgh.

19

Fordham L., Grisé E., El-Geneidy A. (2017), When I'm 64: Assessing Generational Differences in Public Transit Use of Seniors in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Transportation Research Record, 2651, 31-41.

10.3141/2651-04
20

Fu X., Juan Z. (2017), Understanding Public Transit Use Behavior: Integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Customer Satisfaction Theory. Transportation, 44, 1021-1042.

10.1007/s11116-016-9692-8
21

Gyeonggi Research Institute (2023), Analysis of Changes in Commuting Behaviors in the Post-COVID Era, 82-83.

22

Ha J. J., Jung H. Y. (2018), A Study on the Effect of Providing Information Using Mobility Management on the Change of Consciousness about the Use of Passenger Car, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 36(5), Korean Society of Transportation, 346-359.

10.7470/jkst.2018.36.5.346
23

Hahn D. W., Han I. S. (2001), An Application of Theory of Planned Behavior to Passenger Car Drivers' Speedlimit Violation, Korean Psychological Association, 6(2), 39-62.

24

Han K. H., Kim D. K., Kang W., So J. H., Lee C. K. (2021), Analysis of the Current Status and Correlation of Traffic Demand according to the COVID-19 Indicator, J. Korean Soc. Intell. Transp. Syst, 20(6), 60-65.

10.12815/kits.2021.20.6.55
25

Han S. J. (2009), Effects of Oral Health Promotion Program of Children with Low Socio-economic Status: An Application of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB), Doctoral Dissertation, Graduate School of Hanyang University, 30.

26

Haustein S., Hunecke M. (2007), Reduced Use of Environmentally Friendly Modes of Transportation Caused by Perceived Mobility Necessities: An Extension of the Theory of Planned Behavior, Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 37(8), 1856-1883.

10.1111/j.1559-1816.2007.00241.x
27

Ikezoe K., Kiriyama E., Fujimura S. (2021), Analysis of Car Ownership Motivation in Tokyo for Sustainable Mobility Service and Urban Development, Transport Pol., 114, 1-14.

10.1016/j.tranpol.2021.09.002
28

Kim J. M., Ki D. H., Lee S. G. (2021), Analysis of Travel Mode Choice Change by the Spread of COVID-19 : The Case of Seoul, Korea, Journal of Korea Planning Association, 56(3), 113-129.

10.17208/jkpa.2021.06.56.3.113
29

Lagrell E., Gil Sol'a A. (2021), Car Use of the Carless in Sweden: Everyday Life Conditions for Reducing Car Dependence, Sustainability, 13(18), 10250

10.3390/su131810250
30

Lavieri P. S., Garikapati V. M., Bhat C. R., Pendyala R. M. (2017), Investigation of Heterogeneity in Vehicle Ownership and Usage for the Millennial Generation, Transportation Research Record, 2664(1), 91-99.

10.3141/2664-10
31

Leiming Li, Yu Zhang (2023), An Extended Theory of Planned Behavior to Explain the Intention to Use Carsharing: A Multi‑group Analysis of Different Sociodemographic Characteristics, Transportation, 50, 143-181.

10.1007/s11116-021-10240-1
32

Lewis S., Grande del Valle E. (2019), San Francisco's Neighborhoods and Auto Dependency, Cities. Elsevier, 86(February 2018), 11-24.

10.1016/j.cities.2018.12.017
33

Litman T., Laube F. (2002), Automobile Dependency and Economic Development, Working Paper, Victoria Transport Policy Institute, Canada.

34

Lucas K., Jones P. (2009), The Car in British Society, London.

35

Mackett R.L. (2003), Why Do People Use Their Cars for Short Trips? Transportation 30, 329-349.

10.1023/A:1023987812020
36

Mattioli G., Anable J., Vrotsou K. (2016), Car Dependent Practices: Findings from a Sequence Pattern Mining Study of UK Time Use Data, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 89, 56-72.

10.1016/j.tra.2016.04.010
37

McDonald N. C. (2015), Are Millennials Really the "Go-Nowhere" Generation?, Journal of the American Planning Association, 81(2), 90-103.

10.1080/01944363.2015.1057196
38

Merom D., Humphries J., Ding D., Corpuz G., Bellew W., Bauman A. (2018), From ar Dependency to Desirable Walking: 15 Years Trend in Policy Relevant Public Health Indicators Derived from Household Travel Surveys, Journal of Transpot and Health, 9, 56-63.

10.1016/j.jth.2018.01.008
39

Montano D.E., Kasprzyk D. (2015) Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrated Behavioral Model, In: Karen, G., Barbara, R., Viswanath, K., Eds., Chapter 6 Health Behavior: Theory, Research and Practice book, 5th Edition, Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, 95-124.

40

Moody J., Farr E., Papagelis M., Keith D.R. (2021), The Value of Car Ownership and Use in the United States, Nature Sustainability, 4, 769-774.

10.1038/s41893-021-00731-5
41

Moon S. J. (2019), Beliefs, Attitudes and Intention in Adopting Electric Vehicle, Journal of Marketing Management Research, 24(3), 15-18.

10.37202/KMMR.2019.24.3.1
42

Nazam Ali, Shoichiro Nakayama, Hiromichi Yamaguchi (2023), Using the Extensions of the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) for Behavioral Intentions to Use Public Transport (PT) in Kanazawa, Japan, Transportation Research Interdisciplinary Perspectives, 17, 100742.

10.1016/j.trip.2022.100742
43

Nolan A. (2010), A Dynamic Analysis of Household Car Ownership, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 44(6), 446-455.

10.1016/j.tra.2010.03.018
44

Schwedes O., Hoor M. (2019), Integrated Transport Planning: From Supply-to Demand-Oriented Planning, Considering the Benefits, Sustainability, 11, 5900.

10.3390/su11215900
45

Sebastian Timmer, Gustav Bosehans, Sven Henkel (2003), Behavioural Norms or Personal Gains?: An Empirical Analysis of Commuters' Intention to Switch to Multimodal Mobility Behaviour, Transportation Research Part A 170 (2023) 103620.

10.1016/j.tra.2023.103620
46

Selzer S. (2021), Car-reduced Neighborhoods as Blueprints for the Transition Toward an Environmentally Friendly Urban Transport System? A Comparison of Narratives and Mobility-related Practices in Two Case Studies, Journal of Transport Geography, 96, 103126.

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2021.103126
47

Setiawan R., Santosa W., Sjafruddin A. (2014), Integration of Theory of Planned Behavior and Norm Activation Model on Student Behavior Model Using Cars for Traveling to Campus, Civil Engineering Dimension, 16(2).

10.9744/ced.16.2.117-122
48

Siu Hing Lo, Gerard J.P., van Breukelen, Gjalt-Jorn Y. Petersc, Gerjo Kok (2016), Commuting Travel Mode Choice among Office Workers: Comparing an Extended Theory of Planned Behavior model between regions and organizational sectors, Travel Behaviour and Society, 4, 1-10.

10.1016/j.tbs.2015.11.002
49

Sohn K., Yun J. (2009), Separation of Car-dependent Commuters from Normal-choice Riders in Mode-choice Analysis, Transportation, 36(4), 423-436.

10.1007/s11116-009-9209-9
50

Steg L. (2005), Car Use: Lust and Must. Instrumental, Symbolic and Affective Motives for Car Use, Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 39(2-3), 147-162.

10.1016/j.tra.2004.07.001
51

Van Acker V., Witlox F. (2010), Car ownership as a mediating variable in car travel behaviour research using a structural equation modelling approach to identify its dual relationship, Journal of Transport Geography, Elsevier Ltd, 18(1), 65-74.

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2009.05.006
52

Van Eenoo E., Fransen K., Boussauw K. (2022), Car Dependency Beyond Land Use: Can a Standardized Built Environment Indicator Predict Car Use?, Journal of Transport and Land Use, 15(1), 117-136.

10.5198/jtlu.2022.2073
53

West F., Curran P. J. (1995), Structural Equation Models with Non-normal Variables: Problems and Remedies, In R. H. Hoyle (Ed.), Thousand Oaks, CA, Sage.

54

Xuemei Fu (2020), How Habit Moderates the Commute Mode Decision Process: Integration of the Theory of Planned Behavior and Latent Class Choice Model, Transportation, 1-27.

55

Youn B. H., Sung Y. E. (2016), Effect Factors on Violate Behavior of Traffic Regulation, Journal of Korean Public Police and Security Studies, 13(2), 1-20.

10.25023/kapsa.13.2.201608.1
56

Yu, J. P. (2012), Yu Jong Pil Professor's Structural Equation Modeling Concept and Understanding, Hannarae Publishing Co. (Seoul)

Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Transportation
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한교통학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
  • Journal Title(Ko) :대한교통학회지
  • Volume : 42
  • No :4
  • Pages :472-493
  • Received Date : 2024-05-29
  • Revised Date : 2024-06-05
  • Accepted Date : 2024-06-26
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7470/jkst.2024.42.4.472
Journal Informaiton Journal of Korean Society of Transportation Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
Archives
: 2015 Vol.34~
  • NRF
  • KOFST
  • crossref cited-by
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close