A Framework for Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) Operational Strategy Based on OD Flow-Based Network Centrality Analysis

Gyu Ri Kim; Jang Won Bae

doi:10.7470/jkst.2026.44.4.666

All Issue

2026 Vol.44, Issue 4 Preview Page Next Page

Article

A Framework for Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) Operational Strategy Based on OD Flow-Based Network Centrality Analysis OD(Origin-Destination) 흐름 기반 네트워크 중심성 분석을 통한 수요응답형 교통체계(DRT) 운영 전략 프레임워크 제안

31 August 2026. pp. 666-682

PDF XML

Abstract

This study proposes an operational strategy for Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) using Origin-Destination (OD) flow-based network centrality analysis to overcome the limitations of fixed-route public transport. By integrating smart card data with physical road networks, an OD-weighted network was constructed. Four centrality metrics—Degree, Closeness, Betweenness, and Eigenvector—were calculated and mapped to key operational elements of the DRT system. An empirical analysis conducted in Gangnam-gu, Seoul, identified optimal locations for vehicle relocation hubs and service boundary adjustments based on the topological characteristics of each centrality index. Unlike previous studies focused solely on physical infrastructure, this research incorporates actual transport demand flows into the network analysis, enhancing the practicality of the results. The findings are expected to serve as a foundational guideline for data-driven smart mobility design and the implementation of Mobility as a Service (MaaS) frameworks.

Keywords

Demand Responsive Transport (DRT)

network centrality

OD flow

public transport operation

smart mobility

본 연구는 기존 고정 노선 기반 대중교통의 경직성을 극복하고 효율적인 수요응답형 교통(DRT) 운영 전략을 수립하기 위해, 기종점(Origin-Destination, OD) 흐름 기반의 네트워크 중심성 분석을 활용한 운영 의사결정 프레임워크를 제안한다. 실제 버스정류장 승하차 데이터와 물리적 도로망을 결합하여 OD 가중치 기반 네트워크를 구축하였으며, 연결(Degree), 근접(Closeness), 매개(Betweenness), 고유벡터(Eigenvector) 중심성 지표를 산출하였다. 서울특별시 강남구를 대상으로 한 실증 분석 결과, 각 중심성 지표의 위상적 특성에 따라 차량 재배치 거점 및 탄력적 서비스 권역 설정 등 구체적인 운영 가이드라인을 도출하였다. 본 연구는 물리적 도로 구조에 국한되었던 기존 분석의 한계를 넘어 실제 통행 수요의 흐름을 분석에 반영함으로써, DRT 운영 전략 수립을 위한 구조적 의사결정 기준을 제시한다는 점에서 의의를 가진다. 향후 본 연구는 데이터 기반 스마트 모빌리티 설계 및 MaaS(Mobility as a Service) 체계 구축을 위한 실무적 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다.

키워드

수요응답형 교통(DRT)

네트워크 중심성

기종점(OD) 흐름

대중교통 운영

스마트 모빌리티

References

Agryzkov T., Tortosa L., Vicent J. F., Wilson R. (2019), A Centrality Measure for Urban Networks Based on the Eigenvector Centrality Concept, Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science, 46(4), 668-689.

10.1177/2399808317724444

Bonacich P. (1987), Power and Centrality: A Family of Measures, American Journal of Sociology, 92(5), 1170-1182.

10.1086/228631

Bonacich P. (2007), Some Unique Properties of Eigenvector Centrality, Social Networks, 29(4), 555-564.

10.1016/j.socnet.2007.04.002

Calabrò G., Le Pira M., Giuffrida N., Inturri G., Ignaccolo M., Correia G. H. D. A. (2022), Fixed-Route vs. Demand-Responsive Transport Feeder Services: An Exploratory Study Using an Agent-Based Model, Journal of Advanced Transportation, 2022(1), 8382754.

10.1155/2022/8382754

Choi J. H., Kang M. H., Song J. I., Hwang K. Y. (2022), A Study on Introduction of Demand Responsive Transport (DRT) in Rural-Urban Mixed Area, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 40(3), Korean Society of Transportation, 289-304.

10.7470/jkst.2022.40.3.289

Dauer A., Dias T. G., de Sousa J. P., de Athayde Prata B. (2024), Configurations and Features of Demand Responsive Transports, Transportation Research Procedia, 78, 71-78.

10.1016/j.trpro.2024.02.010

Do M. S. (2014), City Competitiveness and Public Transport System of Provincial Cities, Transportation Technology and Policy, 11(4), Korean Society of Transportation, 119-124.

Freeman L. C., Roeder D., Mulholland R. R. (1979), Centrality in Social Networks: II, Experimental Results, Social Networks, 2(2), 119-141.

10.1016/0378-8733(79)90002-9

Friedman J. H., Bentley J. L., Finkel R. A. (1977), An Algorithm for Finding Best Matches in Logarithmic Expected Time, ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS), 3(3), 209-226.

10.1145/355744.355745

Hong S. Y., Kim S. J., Yang J. H., Park S. H. (2024), Introduction of Demand-Responsive Mobility Services (DRT) in Seoul, The Seoul Institute, 1-86.

Hwang J. U. (2022), Overseas Policy Cases for Establishing Metropolitan MaaS, Road Policy Brief, 151, Korea Research Institute for Human Settlements, 4-11.

Jayasinghe A., Munshi T. (2014), ‘Centrality Measures’ as a Tool to Identify the Transit Demand at Public Transit Stops: A Case of Ahmedabad City, India, International Journal of Advanced Research, 2(7), 1063-1074.

Jeong S. B., Yoon H. S. (2019), Structural Characterization of Public Transportation Networks Based on QAP Correlation, Journal of Information Technology Applications & Management, 26(1), Korea Data Strategy Society, 95-102.

Ji Y., Mishalani R. G., McCord M. R. (2015), Transit Passenger Origin-Destination Flow Estimation: Efficiently Combining Onboard Survey and Large Automatic Passenger Count Datasets, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 58, 178-192.

10.1016/j.trc.2015.04.021

Kim S. H., Sung K. Y., Kim J. C., Kim H. (2023), Exploring the Optimization of Demand Responsive Transit Vehicle Routing Using a Deep Q Network, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 41(6), Korean Society of Transportation, 724-738.

10.7470/jkst.2023.41.6.724

Kim S. Y., Kim M. H., Gim T. H. T. (2024), Exploring the Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Demand Responsive Transport Ridership in Sejong City, J. of Korea Plan. Assoc., 59(2), Korea Planning Association, 93-103.

10.17208/jkpa.2024.04.59.2.93

Kim T. W. (2024), Development of an Optimization Model for Operation Planning of Integrated DRT System Considering Punctuality, Thesis.

Kopsidas A., Douvaras A., Kepaptsoglou K. (2023), Exploring the Association Between Network Centralities and Passenger Flows in Metro Systems, Applied Network Science, 8(1), 69.

10.1007/s41109-023-00583-2

Korea Transportation Safety Authority (n.d.), Vehicle Inspection Guide, https://main.kotsa.or.kr/portal/contents.do?menuCode=01080500, accessed March 26, 2026.

Lim S. H., Hong S. J. (2024), A Study on Institutional Support Measures for Revitalizing Demand-Responsive Transport, The Korea Transport Institute, 1-33.

Litman T. (2025), Evaluating Public Transit Benefits and Costs, Victoria Transport Policy Institute (Victoria, BC, Canada).

Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (2025), Guidelines for the Introduction and Operation of Demand-Responsive Transport (DRT).

Narayan J., Cats O., Van Oort N., Hoogendoorn S. (2019), Does Ride-Sourcing Absorb the Demand for Car and Public Transport in Amsterdam?, 2019 6th International Conference on Models and Technologies for Intelligent Transportation Systems (MT-ITS), IEEE, 1-7.

10.1109/MTITS.2019.8883371

Navick D. S., Furth P. G. (1994), Distance-Based Model for Estimating a Bus Route Origin-Destination Matrix, Transportation Research Record, 1433, 16-23.

Park M. C., Ha T. J., Kwon S. D., Oh S. J. (2019), A Study on the Improvement of the City Bus System Considering Route Circuity, KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research, 39(1), Korean Society of Civil Engineers, 93-103.

Park W. I., Yu Y. S., Yun I. S. (2022), Strategies for Activating Public Transit-Oriented MaaS, Transportation Technology and Policy, 19(3), Korean Society of Transportation, 12-21.

Scheurer J., Porta S. (2006), Centrality and Connectivity in Public Transport Networks and Their Significance for Transport Sustainability in Cities, World Planning Schools Congress, Global Planning Association Education Network.

Seo S. J., Kim J. H. (2024), Selection of Operation Plan Considering Travel Demand: Focusing on the Fixed-Route Transit and the Demand-Responsive Transit, J. Korean Soc. Transp., 42(1), Korean Society of Transportation, 29-46.

10.7470/jkst.2024.42.1.029

Wang J., Mo H., Wang F., Jin F. (2011), Exploring the Network Structure and Nodal Centrality of China’s Air Transport Network: A Complex Network Approach, Journal of Transport Geography, 19(4), 712-721.

10.1016/j.jtrangeo.2010.08.012

Information

Publisher :Korean Society of Transportation
Publisher(Ko) :대한교통학회
Journal Title :Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
Journal Title(Ko) :대한교통학회지
Volume : 44
No :4
Pages :666-682
Received Date : 2026-03-31
Revised Date : 2026-04-24
Accepted Date : 2026-05-12
DOI :https://doi.org/10.7470/jkst.2026.44.4.666

Journal of Korean Society of Transportation ISSN:1229-1366(Print) 2234-4217(Online) 대한교통학회지

All Issue