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Article

An Integrated Assessment Framework for Energy, Climate, and Air Costs in Road Transportation

도로교통의 에너지·기후·대기 통합비용 평가체계

Kyu Jin LEE1*
,
Yoonhyuk CHOI2
이 규진1*
,
최 윤혁2
1Research Professor, TOD-based Sustainable City Transportation Research Center, Ajou University, Gyeonggi 16499, Korea
2Researcher Fellow, Transportation Research Division, Korea Expressway Corporation Research Institute, Gyeonggi 18489, Korea
1아주대학교 TOD기반 지속가능도시교통연구센터 연구교수
2한국도로공사 도로교통연구원 연구위원
*Corresponding Author
31 December 2025. pp. 775-788
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Abstract

This study establishes an Integrated evaluation framework to quantify the costs associated with energy consumption and emissions of greenhouse gases and air pollutants in the road transport sector. It analyzes energy, climate, and air quality costs by vehicle type, driving speed, and regional characteristics. Energy costs were estimated using real-world fuel efficiency data derived from the National Energy Survey, combined with a speed-specific CO2 emission coefficient function to improve realism. Climate and air pollution costs were calculated based on nationally certified emission factors reflecting recent vehicle performance. Social cost unit values were estimated using the benefit transfer method from the EU’s Impact Pathway Model, adjusted for Korea’s purchasing power parity (PPP), exchange rate, and GDP growth. The analysis found that energy costs increased by 177% for passenger cars, 212% for buses, and 122% for freight vehicles compared to conventional estimates. Climate and air pollution costs increased by 203%, 227%, and 168%, respectively, due to the application of population exposure-weighted health impacts for major pollutants such as NOx and avoidance cost metrics for CO2. By updating previously underestimated externalities using empirical national data and internationally standardized methodologies, this study presents a scientifically rigorous and policy-relevant evaluation framework. It offers a robust foundation for incorporating environmental and economic performance into national transport project assessments, contributing significantly to sustainable and balanced infrastructure planning.

Keywords
climate and air pollution cost
energy cost evaluation
real-world emission factors
social benefit analysis
transportation project appraisal

본 연구는 도로교통 부문에서 발생하는 에너지 및 온실가스·대기오염물질 배출 비용을 정량화하기 위한 평가체계를 구축하고, 지역·차종·속도별로 에너지·기후·대기 비용을 분석하였다. 에너지 비용은 에너지 총조사 기반의 실연비와 차속별 CO2 배출계수 함수를 활용하여 현실성을 확보하였으며, 기후·대기 비용은 최신 차량의 배출성능을 반영한 국가 공식 배출계수를 기반으로 공학적으로 추정하였다. 배출원의 사회적 피해비용은 EU의 영향경로모형을 국내 여건에 맞게 편익이전기법을 적용하여 산정하였다. 분석 결과, 에너지 비용은 기존 연구(예비타당성 지침 등) 대비 승용차 177%, 버스 212%, 화물차 122% 수준으로 증가하였으며, 기후·대기 비용은 NOx 등 주요 오염물질의 인구노출 기반 피해비용 및 CO2의 회피비용 기반 평가체계를 적용함에 따라, 각각 203%(승용차), 227%(버스), 168%(화물차) 증가한 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 그간 과소 평가되어 온 도로교통 부문의 에너지·기후·대기 비용 항목을 실측 기반 자료와 국제 기준에 따라 현행화함으로써, 보다 현실적이고 과학적인 편익·비용 평가체계를 제시하였으며, 국가 교통사업의 환경성과 경제성을 균형있게 반영할 수 있는 분석 기반을 제공하였다는 점에서 학술적·정책적 기여가 크다.

키워드
기후·대기 비용
에너지 비용 평가
실주행 배출계수
사회적 편익 분석
교통사업 타당성
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Transportation
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한교통학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
  • Journal Title(Ko) :대한교통학회지
  • Volume : 43
  • No :6
  • Pages :775-788
  • Received Date : 2025-08-11
  • Revised Date : 2025-09-02
  • Accepted Date : 2025-09-16
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7470/jkst.2025.43.6.775
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