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Article

Incentive Strategy to Improve Passenger Convenience and Operation Efficiency of Demand-Responsive Transportation Systems

수요 응답형 교통 시스템의 승객 편의성 및 운영 효율성 제고를 위한 인센티브 전략 수립

Sang-Wook HAN1
,
Dong-Kyu KIM2
,
Sedong MOON3*
한 상욱1
,
김 동규2
,
문 세동3*
1Ph. D. Candidate, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
2Professor, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, Adjunct Professor, Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
3Postdoctoral Researcher, Institute of Construction and Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
1서울대학교 건설환경공학부 박사수료
2서울대학교 건설환경공학부 교수, 서울대학교 건설환경종합연구소 겸임연구원
3서울대학교 건설환경종합연구소 연수연구원
*Corresponding Author
30 April 2024. pp. 180-195
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Abstract

The demand for a convenient transportation option is continuously increasing, but traditional public transportation systems operate on fixed routes, causing inconvenience for passengers by requiring them to travel from their departure points to designated stations. Demand responsive transportation (DRT) has been introduced as a solution to address these issues. DRT services plan and operate routes based on passenger demand, offering convenience to passengers. However, there are several challenges in operating DRT. First, DRT passengers want to reach their destinations quickly, while DRT operators aim to maximize revenue by accommodating as many passengers as possible. Also, passengers make choices between DRT and public transportation by comparing their travel time and fares: potential passengers are less likely to choose DRT when its travel time gets longer. Additionally, as additional reservations extend travel routes and times, reserved passengers do not want any additional reservations, while those making reservations hope for their requests to be accepted. Amid these conflicting relationships between DRT passengers and operators, mode choices between DRT and public transportation, and conflicts between reserved and reserving passengers, this study proposes an incentive system to enhance the convenience for DRT passengers and improve operational efficiency. The proposed incentive system rewards passengers for moving to other passengers' boarding or alighting points, reducing detours and shortening travel times for DRT passengers. However, if incentives are too high, DRT operators may experience reduced income. To consider these conflicts, we used a mode choice model between public transportation and DRT, formulated the problem as the multi-objective mixed-integer nonlinear programming, and solved the NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem using a heuristic algorithm. This study conducted the case study for the network of Incheon, Korea, and used taxi data to reflect passenger travel behavior. The Pareto optimal set obtained provides a balanced solution for both DRT passengers and operators. It is revealed that setting incentives at 8% or 12% of the basic DRT fare is the most effective level.

Keywords
demand responsive transportation
dynamic programming
incentive
mode choice model
multi-objective optimization

편리한 교통 수단에 대한 수요는 계속 증가하고 있지만 기존의 대중교통은 고정된 경로를 가지고 운행되어 승객들은 출발지에서 정류장까지 이동해야 하는 불편함이 존재한다. 수요 응답형 교통(Demand Responsive Transportation, DRT)은 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위한 수단으로 도입되었다. DRT는 승객의 요구에 따라 경로를 계획하고 운영하는 서비스로 승객에게 편리함을 제공하지만 DRT 운영에는 몇 가지 어려움이 있다. 먼저 DRT 승객은 빠르게 목적지에 도착하고자 하며 DRT 운영자는 수입을 극대화하기 위하여 최대한 많은 승객을 수용하려 한다. 또한 승객들은 DRT와 대중교통의 통행시간, 요금 등을 비교하여 교통수단을 선택하는데, DRT의 통행시간이 길어지면 잠재적인 승객들이 DRT를 선택하지 않을 가능성이 높아진다. 그리고 추가 예약이 발생하면 운행경로와 통행시간이 증가하므로, 이미 예약된 승객들은 추가 예약이 발생하지 않기를 원하는 반면, 예약하려는 승객들은 본인의 예약이 거절 없이 승낙되기를 바란다. 이와 같은 DRT 승객과 운영자 사이의 상충관계, DRT와 대중교통 사이의 수단 선택 과정, 예약된 승객과 예약하는 승객의 상충관계 속에서, 본 연구는 DRT 승객의 편의 및 운영 효율성을 제고하기 위한 인센티브 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 인센티브 시스템에서는 승객이 다른 승객의 승차 지점이나 하차 지점으로 이동하여 같이 승하차하면 인센티브를 받게 되며, 이로 인해 차량의 우회가 줄어들어 DRT 승객의 이동시간이 단축된다. 그러나 인센티브가 너무 높으면 DRT 운영자의 수입이 감소한다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 점을 반영하기 위해 대중교통과 DRT 사이의 수단선택 모형을 사용하고, 다중 목적 혼합 정수 비선형 프로그래밍을 이용해서 문제를 수식화하였으며, NP-hard 문제로 알려진 조합최적화를 사용하여 휴리스틱 알고리즘으로 해를 탐색하였다. 본 연구에서는 인천광역시를 대상으로 사례연구를 진행하였으며 승객들의 통행 행태 반영을 위해 택시데이터를 사용하였다. 도출된 Pareto optimal set을 통해 DRT 승객과 운영자 모두에게 균형잡힌 해결책을 찾을 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 인센티브를 DRT 기본요금의 8% 또는 12% 수준으로 설정하는 것이 가장 효과적인 것으로 나타났다.

키워드
수요 응답형 교통
dynamic programming
incentive
수단 선택 모델
multi-objective optimization
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Information
  • Publisher :Korean Society of Transportation
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한교통학회
  • Journal Title :Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
  • Journal Title(Ko) :대한교통학회지
  • Volume : 42
  • No :2
  • Pages :180-195
  • Received Date : 2023-12-18
  • Revised Date : 2024-01-12
  • Accepted Date : 2024-01-26
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.7470/jkst.2024.42.2.180
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